Femminicidi a Ciudad Juárez: differenze tra le versioni

L'articolo prende spunto da quello su Wikipedia in inglese [[wikipedia:Femicides_in_Ciudad_Juárez|Femicides in Ciudad Juárez]], riassumendolo e ampliandolo.[[File:Location Ciudad Juarez.png|thumb|350px|The location of [[Ciudad Juárez]]]]Gli omicidi di donne e ragazze avvenuti a Ciudad Juárez, in Messico<ref name="Amnesty">{{cite web|title=Mexico: Justice fails in Ciudad Juárez and the city of Chihuahua|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/node/55339|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=19 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303095740/http://www.amnestyusa.org/node/55339|archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref>, tra il 1993 e il 2005, sono stati oggetto di attenzione internazionale a causa della percepita inazione del governo nel prevenire la violenza e nel consegnare i responsabili alla giustizia<ref name="Widyono">{{cite book|last=Widyono|first=Monique|chapter=Conceptualizing Femicide|title=Strengthening Understanding of Femicide: Using Research to Galvanize Action and Accountability|publisher=[[PATH (global health organization)|PATH]]|location=Seattle, Washington|year=2008|pages=7–25|url=http://www.path.org/publications/files/GVR_femicide_rpt.pdf|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>. Il tema è stato trattato in molti drammi, canzoni, libri e così via.

Una commissione governativa ha rilevato che <u>circa la metà dei 155 omicidi censiti</u> su 340 documentati <u>erano motivati da rapine e guerre tra bande</u>, mentre oltre un terzo riguardava violenze sessuali. Nel dicembre 2016, nel Comune di Madera, a Chihuahua, è stata rinvenuta una <u>fossa comune attribuita alla criminalità organizzata</u> (narcofosa) contenente i resti di donne uccise nel 2011 e nel 2012<ref>{{cite news |last=Villalpando |first=Rubén |title=La Jornada - Con Corral, 10 mil 42 asesinatos en Chihuahua; 95%, impunes |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/01/11/estados/con-corral-10-mil-42-asesinatos-en-chihuahua-95-impunes/ |access-date=January 11, 2021 |work=jornada.com.mx |publisher=La Jornada |date=January 11, 2021 |language=es}}</ref>.

==Homicide statistics==

Amnesty International ha dichiarato nel 2005 che più di 370 giovani donne e ragazze sono state uccise nelle città di Ciudad Juárez e Chihuahua dal 1993<ref name="Amnesty" />. Uno studio del 2008 sul database Femicide 1993-2007 al Colegio de la Frontera Norte ha documentato incidenti di femminicidio che si sono verificati a Ciudad Juárez dal 1993 al 2010<ref name="Fragoso">{{cite journal|last=Monarrez Fragoso|first=Julia|title=An Analysis of Feminicide in Ciudad Juárez: 1993–2007|journal=Strengthening Understanding of Femicide: Using Research to Galvanize Action and Accountability|year=2008|pages=78–84|url=http://www.path.org/publications/files/GVR_femicide_rpt.pdf|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>. Secondo lo studio:  

* il ''femminicidio intimo'' ha rappresentato il 30,4% dei omicidi di quelle donne.  

{{main|Crime in Mexico|Juárez Cartel|Mexican Drug War}}

===Maquila industry===

===NAFTA===

The implementation of the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] in 1994 resulted in the expansion of the maquiladora industry and created new opportunities for employment for women outside of the home and in the factories.<ref name="Pantaleo2" /> The availability of cheap labor made it attractive for business owners to open factories in Mexico, and the availability of cheap employment attracted many, especially women, to border towns such as Ciudad Juárez. Research has shown correlations between economic and political issues and violence against women along the border.<ref name="Pantaleo2" />

Academic Katherine Pantaleo has argued that "NAFTA, as a capitalist approach, has directly created a devaluation of women and an increase in gendered violence."<ref name="Pantaleo2" /> Further, according to Wright, in the time period between the implementation of NAFTA in 1994 and 2001, "the homicide rate for men increased by 300 percent, while for women it increased by 600 percent."<ref name="Wright">{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=Melissa M.|title=Public Women, Profit, and Femicide in Northern Mexico|journal=South Atlantic Quarterly|year=2006|volume=1054|issue=4|pages=681–698|doi=10.1215/00382876-2006-003}}</ref> Such studies indicate the importance of exploring the effects of NAFTA when considering the possible causes of the murder of women and girls in Ciudad Juárez.<ref name="Pantaleo2" /> Consequently, it has been suggested that amendments be made to NAFTA that include human rights provisions.<ref name="Pantaleo2" />

===Gender roles===

==Police and governmental response==

The murder of women in Juárez has attracted global attention since 1993 given suspected police and government inaction to prevent the murders and bring perpetrators to justice.<ref name="Widyono" /> Police and government officials have been accused of responding with indifference to the crimes against women as well as exhibiting tolerance for such crimes, conducting inadequate and negligent investigations, ineffectively responding to the crimes, and failing to prevent and protect women from violence.<ref name="Livingston2" /><ref name="CEDAW">{{cite journal|last=Sokhi-Bulley|first=Bal|title=The Optional Protocol to CEDAW: First Steps|journal=Human Rights Law Review|year=2006|volume=6|issue=1|pages=143–159|doi=10.1093/hrlr/ngi029}}</ref><ref name="Amnesty 2">{{cite web|title=Mexico - Amnesty International Report 2010|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/mexico/report-2010|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref> According to Livingston, "In 1998 the National Commission for Human Rights issued a report charging gross irregularities and general negligence in state investigations, including the misidentification of corpses, failure to obtain expert tests on forensic evidence, failure to conduct autopsies or obtain semen analysis... failure to file written reports, [and] incompetence in keeping records of the rising tide of women murders."<ref name="Livingston2" />

According to Pantaleo in 2006, "While around 400 girls and women have been abducted and murdered, few arrests and convictions have resulted."<ref name="Pantaleo 2">{{cite journal|last=Pantaleo|first=Katie|title=Gendered Violence: Murder in the Maquiladoras|journal=Sociological Viewpoints|year=2006|url=http://www.pasocsociety.org/article2.pdf|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> For convictions that have been made, there is a great deal of controversy that surrounds them.<ref name="Pantaleo 2" /> Police have been accused of conducting rushed investigations with questionable methodology and integrity.<ref name="Simmons">{{cite journal|last=Simmons|first=William|year=2006|title=Remedies for the Women of Ciudad Juárez through the Inter-American Court of Human Rights|url=http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/jihr/v4/n3/2/Simmons.pdf|journal=Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights|volume=4|issue=3|page=492517|access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref> Further, suspects that have been apprehended have claimed that they were tortured into confessing.<ref name="Simmons" /><ref name="Pantaleo 2" /> This has caused uncertainty of the legitimacy of both investigations and convictions.<ref name="Simmons" /><ref name="Pantaleo 2" />

In 2001, Victor Garcia Uribe and Gustavo Gonzalez Meza were apprehended for eight murders.<ref name="Simmons" /> Gustavo Gonzalez Mesa died suspiciously while in police custody.<ref name="Simmons" /> In 2004, Victor Garcia Uribe, a bus driver, was convicted of eight murders that took place in 2001.<ref name="Simmons" /> He confessed to these murders, but claimed that he was tortured into confessing by police.<ref name="Simmons" />

Further, the Committee concluded that the measures undertaken by the Mexican government in response to gendered violence against women leading up to the time of their inquiry were, "few and ineffective at all levels of the State".<ref name="CEDAW" /> The Committee made several recommendations for Mexico to adhere to. Although these recommendations were not legally binding, they were influential in the public sphere.<ref name="CEDAW" />

==Local activism==

[[Image:Familiares de mujeres asesinada.jpg|thumb|2007 protest by some victims' families demanding punishment of the killers]]There have been numerous local efforts that have helped draw attention to the femicides in Juárez.<ref name="Amnesty" /><ref name="Wright" /> In 1999, a group of feminist activists founded Casa Amiga, Juárez's first rape crisis and sexual assault center.<ref name="Wright 2">{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=Melissa W.|title=A Manifest against Femicide|journal=Antipode|date=December 2002|volume=33|issue=3|pages=550–566|doi=10.1111/1467-8330.00198|pmid=19165968}}</ref> The center works to provide women in Juárez with a refuge against violence, therapy, legal council, and medical attention.<ref name="Wright 2" /> In 2002, a social justice movement named [[Ni Una Mas]], which in Spanish means "not one more," was formed to raise international awareness to violence against women in Juárez.<ref name="Wright" /> The movement consists of a variety of domestic and international organizations and individual activists.<ref name="Wright" /> Ni Una Mas participants demand that the Mexican state implement strategies that prevent violence against women including murder and kidnappings and that the state conduct competent investigations on crimes already committed.<ref name="Wright" /> [[Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa A.C.]], which in Spanish means "Our Daughters Back Home" also formed in response to the violence against women in Juárez.<ref name="Wright 2" /> [[Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa A.C.]] has also worked to bring domestic and international media attention to the violence against women in Juárez.<ref name="Lorenzo">{{cite journal|last=Blanco|first=Lorenzo|author2=Sandra M. Villa|title=Sources of crime in the state of Veracruz: The role of female labor force participation and wage inequality|journal=Feminist Economics|date=October 2008|volume=14|issue=3|pages=51–75|doi=10.1080/13545700802075143|s2cid=154371170}}</ref>