Femminicidi a Ciudad Juárez: differenze tra le versioni

Riga 56: Riga 56:
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==International justice==
==Giustizia internazionale==
There have been several international rulings against Mexico for its inadequate response to the increasing violence against women.<ref name="CEDAW" /><ref name="Amnesty 2" /> In 2004, under the [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]] (CEDAW) conducted an inquiry into the allegations that hundreds of murders of women and girls had taken place in the area of Ciudad Juarez since 1993 at the urging of several NGOs.<ref name="CEDAW" /> In order for the inquiry to take place it was required that there was reliable evidence that showed that Mexico was in violation of rights established by CEDAW.<ref name="CEDAW" /> The Committee analyzed the gender-based crimes occurring in Ciudad Juárez and found the two common forms were murder and disappearances. The Committee also analyzed the response of the government and found that their initial response was indifference and that the government exhibited tolerance of these crimes for years.<ref name="CEDAW" />
Ci sono state diverse sentenze internazionali contro il Messico per la sua risposta inadeguata alla crescente violenza contro le donne.<ref name="CEDAW" /><ref name="Amnesty 2" /> Nel 2004, in base al [[Protocollo opzionale alla Convenzione sull'eliminazione di tutte le forme di discriminazione contro le donne]] (CEDAW) ha condotto un'inchiesta sulle accuse di centinaia di omicidi di donne e ragazze avvenuti nell'area di Ciudad Juarez dal 1993 su sollecitazione di diverse ONG. <ref name="CEDAW" /> Affinché l'inchiesta avesse luogo, era necessario che vi fossero prove attendibili che dimostrassero che il Messico stava violando i diritti stabiliti dalla CEDAW.<ref name="CEDAW" /> Il Comitato ha analizzato i crimini di genere che si sono verificati a Ciudad Juarez e ha scoperto che le due forme più comuni erano l'omicidio e le sparizioni. Il Comitato ha anche analizzato la risposta del governo e ha scoperto che la risposta iniziale è stata l'indifferenza e che il governo ha mostrato tolleranza nei confronti di questi crimini per anni.<ref name="CEDAW"/>


Further, the Committee concluded that the measures undertaken by the Mexican government in response to gendered violence against women leading up to the time of their inquiry were, "few and ineffective at all levels of the State".<ref name="CEDAW" /> The Committee made several recommendations for Mexico to adhere to. Although these recommendations were not legally binding, they were influential in the public sphere.<ref name="CEDAW" />
Inoltre, il Comitato ha concluso che le misure intraprese dal governo messicano in risposta alla violenza di genere contro le donne fino al momento dell'inchiesta erano "poche e inefficaci a tutti i livelli dello Stato".<ref name="CEDAW" /> Il Comitato ha formulato diverse raccomandazioni che il Messico deve rispettare. Sebbene queste raccomandazioni non fossero legalmente vincolanti, ebbero una certa influenza nella sfera pubblica.<ref name="CEDAW"/>
 
Secondo Amnesty International, "nel [2009], la [[Corte interamericana dei diritti umani]] ha sentenziato sul caso del "campo di cotone" ([[Campo Algodonero in Cd. Juarez|Campo Algodonero]]) che il Messico era colpevole di discriminazione e di non aver protetto tre giovani donne assassinate nel 2001 a Ciudad Juárez o di non aver garantito un'indagine efficace sul loro rapimento e assassinio". "<ref name="Amnesty 2" /> La Corte ha ordinato al Messico di condurre una nuova indagine sugli omicidi, di creare un memoriale nazionale per le vittime, di pagare un risarcimento alle famiglie delle vittime e di migliorare le misure per prevenire e indagare adeguatamente sugli omicidi di donne e ragazze. <ref name="El Paso Times">{{cite news|last=Ortega Lozano|first=Marisela|title=130 donne uccise a Juárez quest'anno; Chihuahua AG dice che la lotta per i diritti delle donne è dolorosa e lenta|url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_18747536?IADID=Search-www.elpasotimes.com-www.elpasotimes. com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122001358/http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_18747536?IADID=Search-www.elpasotimes.com-www.elpasotimes.com|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 gennaio 2013|access-date=14 marzo 2012|newspaper=El Paso Times|date=24 agosto 2011}}</ref><ref name="Amnesty 2" />


According to Amnesty International, "In [2009], the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]] ruled on the “cotton field” ([[Campo Algodonero in Cd. Juarez|Campo Algodonero]]) case that Mexico was guilty of discrimination and of failing to protect three young women murdered in 2001 in Ciudad Juárez or to ensure an effective investigation into their abduction and murder."<ref name="Amnesty 2" /> The Court ordered Mexico to conduct a new investigation of the murders, create a national memorial for the victims, pay reparations to the families of the victims, and to improve measures which prevent and adequately investigate the murder of women and girls.<ref name="El Paso Times">{{cite news|last=Ortega Lozano|first=Marisela|title=130 women killed in Juárez this year; Chihuahua AG says fight for women's rights painful and slow|url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_18747536?IADID=Search-www.elpasotimes.com-www.elpasotimes.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122001358/http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_18747536?IADID=Search-www.elpasotimes.com-www.elpasotimes.com|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2013|access-date=14 March 2012|newspaper=El Paso Times|date=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="Amnesty 2" />
==Local activism==
==Local activism==
[[Image:Familiares de mujeres asesinada.jpg|thumb|2007 protest by some victims' families demanding punishment of the killers]]There have been numerous local efforts that have helped draw attention to the femicides in Juárez.<ref name="Amnesty" /><ref name="Wright">{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=Melissa M.|title=Public Women, Profit, and Femicide in Northern Mexico|journal=South Atlantic Quarterly|year=2006|volume=1054|issue=4|pages=681–698|doi=10.1215/00382876-2006-003}}</ref> In 1999, a group of feminist activists founded Casa Amiga, Juárez's first rape crisis and sexual assault center.<ref name="Wright 2">{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=Melissa W.|title=A Manifest against Femicide|journal=Antipode|date=December 2002|volume=33|issue=3|pages=550–566|doi=10.1111/1467-8330.00198|pmid=19165968}}</ref> The center works to provide women in Juárez with a refuge against violence, therapy, legal council, and medical attention.<ref name="Wright 2" /> In 2002, a social justice movement named [[Ni Una Mas]], which in Spanish means "not one more," was formed to raise international awareness to violence against women in Juárez.<ref name="Wright" /> The movement consists of a variety of domestic and international organizations and individual activists.<ref name="Wright" /> Ni Una Mas participants demand that the Mexican state implement strategies that prevent violence against women including murder and kidnappings and that the state conduct competent investigations on crimes already committed.<ref name="Wright" /> [[Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa A.C.]], which in Spanish means "Our Daughters Back Home" also formed in response to the violence against women in Juárez.<ref name="Wright 2" /> [[Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa A.C.]] has also worked to bring domestic and international media attention to the violence against women in Juárez.<ref name="Lorenzo">{{cite journal|last=Blanco|first=Lorenzo|author2=Sandra M. Villa|title=Sources of crime in the state of Veracruz: The role of female labor force participation and wage inequality|journal=Feminist Economics|date=October 2008|volume=14|issue=3|pages=51–75|doi=10.1080/13545700802075143|s2cid=154371170}}</ref>
[[Image:Familiares de mujeres asesinada.jpg|thumb|2007 protest by some victims' families demanding punishment of the killers]]There have been numerous local efforts that have helped draw attention to the femicides in Juárez.<ref name="Amnesty" /><ref name="Wright">{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=Melissa M.|title=Public Women, Profit, and Femicide in Northern Mexico|journal=South Atlantic Quarterly|year=2006|volume=1054|issue=4|pages=681–698|doi=10.1215/00382876-2006-003}}</ref> In 1999, a group of feminist activists founded Casa Amiga, Juárez's first rape crisis and sexual assault center.<ref name="Wright 2">{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=Melissa W.|title=A Manifest against Femicide|journal=Antipode|date=December 2002|volume=33|issue=3|pages=550–566|doi=10.1111/1467-8330.00198|pmid=19165968}}</ref> The center works to provide women in Juárez with a refuge against violence, therapy, legal council, and medical attention.<ref name="Wright 2" /> In 2002, a social justice movement named [[Ni Una Mas]], which in Spanish means "not one more," was formed to raise international awareness to violence against women in Juárez.<ref name="Wright" /> The movement consists of a variety of domestic and international organizations and individual activists.<ref name="Wright" /> Ni Una Mas participants demand that the Mexican state implement strategies that prevent violence against women including murder and kidnappings and that the state conduct competent investigations on crimes already committed.<ref name="Wright" /> [[Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa A.C.]], which in Spanish means "Our Daughters Back Home" also formed in response to the violence against women in Juárez.<ref name="Wright 2" /> [[Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa A.C.]] has also worked to bring domestic and international media attention to the violence against women in Juárez.<ref name="Lorenzo">{{cite journal|last=Blanco|first=Lorenzo|author2=Sandra M. Villa|title=Sources of crime in the state of Veracruz: The role of female labor force participation and wage inequality|journal=Feminist Economics|date=October 2008|volume=14|issue=3|pages=51–75|doi=10.1080/13545700802075143|s2cid=154371170}}</ref>