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==Support== The principle of affirmative action is to promote societal equality through the preferential treatment of socioeconomically disadvantaged people. Often, these people are disadvantaged for historical reasons, such as oppression or slavery.<ref name="Christophe Jaffrelot pg. 321">Christophe Jaffrelot, India's Silent Revolution: The rise of lower castes in northern India, p. 321. 2003</ref> Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has sought to achieve a range of goals: bridging inequalities in employment and pay; increasing access to education; enriching state, institutional, and professional leadership with the full spectrum of society; redressing apparent past wrongs, harms, or hindrances, in particular addressing the apparent social imbalance left in the wake of slavery and slave laws. A 2017 study of temporary federal affirmative action regulation in the United States estimated that the regulation "increases the black share of employees over time: in 5 years after an establishment is first regulated, the black share of employees increases by an average of 0.8 percentage points. Strikingly, the black share continues to grow at a similar pace even after an establishment is deregulated. [The author] argue[s] that this persistence is driven in part by affirmative action inducing employers to improve their methods for screening potential hires."<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Persistent Effect of Temporary Affirmative Action|journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics|volume=9|issue=3|pages=152–190|doi=10.1257/app.20160121|year=2017|last1=Miller|first1=Conrad|doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Polls=== {{Globalize|section|USA|2name=the United States|date=May 2010}} According to a poll taken by ''[[USA Today]]'' in 2005, the majority of Americans support affirmative action for women, while views on [[minority group]]s were more split.<ref name= "usatoday.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/polls/tables/live/0623.htm |title= Usatoday.Com |publisher=Usatoday.Com |date=20 May 2005 |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> Men are only slightly more likely to support affirmative action for women; though a majority of both do.<ref name="usatoday.com"/> However, a slight majority of Americans do believe that affirmative action goes beyond ensuring access and goes into the realm of preferential treatment.<ref name="usatoday.com"/> More recently, a Quinnipiac poll from June 2009 finds that 55% of Americans feel that affirmative action, in general, should be discontinued, though 55% support it for people with disabilities.<ref name = june32009>{{cite web |url=https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=1307 |title=June 3, 2009 – U.S. Voters Disagree 3-1 With Sotomayor On Key Case, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Most Say Abolish Affirmative Action |publisher=Quinnipiac.edu |date=3 June 2009 }}</ref> A [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] poll from 2005 showed that 72% of black Americans and 44% of white Americans supported racial affirmative action (with 21% and 49% opposing), with support and opposition among Hispanics falling between those of blacks and whites. Support among blacks, unlike among whites, had almost no correlation with political affiliation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Race, Ideology, and Support for Affirmative Action|url= http://www.gallup.com/poll/18091/race-ideology-support-affirmative-action.aspx |publisher= [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]]|date=23 August 2005|last=Jones|first=Jeffrey M. |access-date=11 March 2013}}</ref> A 2009 [[Quinnipiac University Polling Institute]] survey found 65% of American voters opposed the application of affirmative action to homosexuals, with 27% indicating they supported it.<ref name = june32009/> A Leger poll taken in 2010 found 59% of Canadians opposed considering race, gender, or ethnicity when hiring for government jobs.<ref>{{cite news |author-link = David Akin |first = David |last = Akin |url = http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2010/08/12/14998311.html |title = Canadians against job hiring quotas |newspaper = Toronto Sun |date = 12 August 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104145049/http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2010/08/12/14998311.html |archive-date = 4 November 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> A 2014 [[Pew Research Center]] poll found that 63% of Americans thought affirmative action programs aimed at increasing minority representation on college campuses were "a good thing", compared to 30% who thought they were "a bad thing".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/04/22/public-strongly-backs-affirmative-action-programs-on-campus/ |title=Public strongly backs affirmative action programs on campus |last=Drake |first=Bruce |website=Pew Research Center |date=22 April 2014 |access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref> The following year, [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] released a poll showing that 67% of Americans supported affirmative action programs aimed at increasing female representation, compared to 58% who supported such programs aimed at increasing the representation of racial minorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/184772/higher-support-gender-affirmative-action-race.aspx |title=Higher Support for Gender Affirmative Action Than Race |last=Riffkin |first=Rebecca |website=Gallup |date=26 August 2015 |access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
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