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====Israel==== A class-based affirmative action policy was incorporated into the admission practices of the four most selective universities in [[Israel]] during the early to mid-2000s. In evaluating the eligibility of applicants, neither their financial status nor their national or ethnic origins are considered. The emphasis, rather, is on structural disadvantages, especially neighborhood socioeconomic status and high school rigor, although several individual hardships are also weighed. This policy made the four institutions, especially the echelons at the most selective departments, more diverse than they otherwise would have been. The rise in geographic, economic and demographic diversity of a student population suggests that the plan's focus on structural determinants of disadvantage yields broad diversity dividends.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Alon, Sigal |year=2011 |title=The Diversity Dividends of a Need-blind and Color-blind Affirmative Action Policy |pages=1494–1505 |journal= Social Science Research |volume=40 |issue=6 |doi=10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.05.005 }}</ref> Israeli citizens who are women, Arabs, Blacks or people with disabilities are supported by affirmative action in the civil service employment.<ref name="moital.gov.il">{{cite web|url=http://www.moital.gov.il/NR/exeres/8C492E47-135C-4B82-84D7-C62254B8BFEF.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201010211/http://www.moital.gov.il/NR/exeres/8C492E47-135C-4B82-84D7-C62254B8BFEF.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2013|title=משרד הכלכלה והתעשייה|website=משרד הכלכלה והתעשייה|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref> Also Israeli citizens who are Arabs, Blacks or people with disabilities are entitled to full university scholarships by the state.<ref name="che.org.il">http://che.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%A1-1-%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%93.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> In her study of gender politics in Israel, Dafna Izraeli showed that the paradox of affirmative action for women directors is that the legitimation for legislating their inclusion on boards also resulted in the exclusion of women's interested as a legitimate issue on the boards' agendas. "The new culture of the men's club is seductive token women are under the pressure to become "social males" and prove that their competence as directors, meaning that they are not significantly different from men. In the negotiation for status as worthy peers, emphasizing gender signals that a woman is an "imposter", someone who does not rightfully belong in the position she is claiming to fill." And once affirmative action for women is fulfilled, and then affirmative action shares the element, as Izraeli put it, the "group equality discourse," making it easier for other groups to claim for a fairer distribution of resources. This suggests that affirmative action can have applications for different groups in Israel.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Dafna |last=Izraeli |title=Gender Politics in Israel: The Case of Affirmative Action for Women Directors |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=109–128 |date=March–April 2003 |doi=10.1016/S0277-5395(03)00043-8 }}</ref>
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