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==Origins== The term "affirmative action" was first used in the United States in "[[Executive Order 10925|Executive Order No. 10925]]",<ref>{{cite web | url=http://shfg.org/resources/Documents/FH%202%20(2010)%20MacLaury.pdf | title=President Kennedy's E.O.10925: Seedbed of Affirmative Action | publisher=Society for History in the Federal Government | access-date=20 August 2020 | archive-date=27 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027201202/http://shfg.org/resources/Documents/FH%202%20%282010%29%20MacLaury.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> signed by President [[John F. Kennedy]] on 6 March 1961, which included a provision that [[government contractor]]s "take ''affirmative action'' to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated [fairly] during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin".<ref name="oeod.uci.edu">[http://www.oeod.uci.edu/aa.html A Brief History of Affirmative Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512084109/http://www.oeod.uci.edu/aa.html|date=12 May 2015}}, University of California, Irvine (access date 16 May 2015)</ref> It was used to promote actions that achieve non-discrimination. In 1965, President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] issued [[Executive Order 11246]] which required government employers to "hire without regard to race, religion and national origin" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex or national origin."<ref>Executive Order 11246</ref> In 1968, gender was added to the anti-discrimination list.{{Clarify|reason=sex is in the Johnson list for affirmative action|date=May 2020}}<ref name="clinton2.nara.gov">{{cite web|url=http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/aa/aa02.html|title=Affirmative Action: History and Rationale|date=19 July 1995|publisher=Clinton Administration's Affirmative Action Review: Report to the President|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527065435/http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/aa/aa02.html|archive-date=27 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Affirmative action is intended to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the majority population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Affirmative Action |url=http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/sharamkohan1/affirmative-action/ |website=Harvard Blogs |publisher=Harvard Law School |access-date=30 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518061955/http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/sharamkohan1/affirmative-action/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> It is often instituted for government and educational settings to ensure that certain designated groups within a society are able to participate in all provided opportunities including promotional, educational, and training opportunities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Equal Opportunity & Affirmative Action Policy Statement|url=http://www.chatham.edu/about/legal_nondiscrimination.cfm|website=chatham.edu|access-date=30 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501102235/http://www.chatham.edu/about/legal_nondiscrimination.cfm|archive-date=1 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The stated justification for affirmative action by its proponents is to help compensate for past discrimination, persecution or [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] by the ruling class of a culture,<ref name=":3">Sowell, Thomas (2004). Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, Yale University Press, {{ISBN|0-300-10199-6}}</ref> and to address existing discrimination.<ref name="Affirmative Action">{{cite book|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action/|title=Affirmative Action|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=1 April 2009}}</ref>
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